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in History Table - Guide to food culture in the time

Michelangelo Merisi, detto il Caravaggio,

"Bacchino malato" (1593-1594)

Galleria Borghese, Roma

Mi accingo a iniziare quest'avventura, consapevole del fatto che sarà per nulla facile, con lo spirito in linea e in piena armonia alla passione e interessi che mi accomunano come individuo con un insieme di amanti gastronomi.

Con il termine gastronomia non ci si riferisce più al literal terms of science, which regulates the functions of the stomach, but for several centuries, we show that expression with the discipline that deals with the technical, cultural and artistic packaging in the food and everything about the table, the mise-en- the same place, the evolution of taste and manners meant as "good manners".

For the man power is a physiological and natural, but it is also history, culture, traditions, beliefs, taboos and superstitions. The evolution of man has led, consequently, that the food with the birth of the kitchen first and then food, bringing significant changes in food preparation, in new techniques professional organizations which have been recognized for quality international and innovative recipes for both tools. The evolution of our habits has led us recently to use a new term "gastronomy", which involves wine, considered one of the best enhancers for thousands of food, food.

models and suggestions have been and continue to be characteristic expressions of great civilizations, though only a handful of cookbooks have come down to us.

Mesopotamian tablets with cuneiform writing feature

The discovery of several clay tablets has shown that there was a complex and gastronomy evolved over 4000 years ago in the fertile Crescent, due to ancient Mesopotamia . Preparing more than 300 types of bread. They were popular fruits like coconut, apples, pears, figs, pomegranates, grapes, mushrooms, truffles, olives, and herbs. The meat was eaten pork, lamb, animals, poultry, game and sea fish and freshwater crustaceans and molluscs. They had prepared some sausages and at least 20 different types of cheese. They were used daily fat seasoning such as lard and sesame oil, but the most widely used and is still found today in the Arab-Turkish eating habits, was a fried onion, garlic and leeks. Were used to enrich the taste of food honey, different sauces and salt. The most consumed drink was a kind of beer, and wine, which came from the lands of the North, North-West Caucasian areas escaped the last Ice Age, it was very expensive. Only the more affluent classes and the priests could afford. The Mesopotamian culture knew the techniques of reduction and concentration of flavors. The food court Assyrian-Babylonian Empire may be considered the first food and wine on the planet. Since then, two dining concepts continue in parallel: one part of the expensive elite cuisine based on professional techniques and creativity of the cooks, the other the popular cuisine focusing on local products and the experience of recipes.

The power of the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Hittites and Jews, 4000 years ago, or rather that of the wealthier classes, was based on cereals, vegetables, dairy, sheep, fish, fruit, beer and wine as we receive representations from the wall and finds the food remains in the graves. The recipes were written down by doctors and priests, but lacked the technical preparation, which is reminiscent of a kitchen is not particularly developed and refined.

table depicting a Chinese mandarin

A great food come down to our days almost completely intact is the Mandarin Chinese based on rigid preparation techniques, and is very elastic with respect to ingredients. Another distinctive feature is the alternation of flavors, the rule of the many courses with small portions and the principle of the first dishes to be seen and then to be enjoyed. The miracle that allowed the model of Mandarin Chinese to this day has come precisely the existence of a gastronomic literature on the civil service, precisely the mandarins, who were writers, poets and connoisseurs, who also invented many recipes. The high Chinese cuisine is, in fact, called Imperial or Mandarin, and has influenced all the cuisines of the Far East.

With many different recipes and literary descriptions of tables we have received, especially from Magna Graecia, study the customs of the ancient Greeks and the peoples of the Mediterranean from the fourth century a. C.. Archestratus Gela has left some fish recipes baked Sicilian use, on fire, fried and boiled. For frying, and it was used mainly to flavor olive oil as well as vinegar, salt, herbs and cheese. The firings, short and simple, we suggest a healthy and tasty cooking addressed territorial excellence, similar to the traditional southern Italy.

Apicius, in the middle of the first century AD, wrote De Re Coquinaria, expanded around the fourth century, describes in detail the great food and wine of the Roman imperial period. Dishes of animals from Africa, Europe, the Middle and Far East such as cranes, beccafichi, pigeons, ostriches, flamingos and parrots were presented on the menus of the Roman patricians. Lovers of traditional products, the Romans stocked up on diamonds to Ravenna and Ancona, Spain mullet, sea bass in Turkey, Morocco truffles, spices in India and many other products from as many places. During the period the Imperial Republican frugality in the kitchen had become a distant memory. The seasonings used were "defritum" cooked must ancestor of our balsamic vinegar and liquamen or "garum," sauce made with fish entrails steeped in salt thereof, as well as other related sauces with flour. Pasta dishes, lasagna lagane similar to modern, sausages (sausages), slices of chicken livers, brains lightly cooked dishes, chicken prepared in various ways, Stuffed rabbits, sheep cooked in various ways, in piglets suckling pig, rare fish, oysters and seafood laden tables of the couches, and it was all washed down with more or less aromatic wines. The spice was used as pepper, ginger, much rarer, and saffron and cinnamon were used more by women as a cosmetic together with butter. Contrary to popular belief, the Romans were very fond of plants and herbs, the more fat used was olive oil that Apicius distinguishes good and green, the latter most valuable and produced from olives harvested early. The rules of the food were the sum of many flavors and the mix of sweet and salty, the abundant use of herbs aromatic and sauces acid diluted vinegar or verjuice, juice of unripe grapes crushed and seasoned, in addition to those made with fish or with added sea salt, honey and cooked must as sweeteners.

Wine was served by the sommelier at the time, the "haustatores, who left a set of guidelines on the technique of tasting. We can speak of a refined cuisine and evolved enough to influence the low-medieval European cuisine and Arabic. The first century AD can be considered the first great period enogastronomy West.

The Arab cuisine definitely takes inspiration from the Roman Empire the East and the Persian Empire, in turn, heir to the Mesopotamian cuisine, enough to be considered daughter. Affect the friendly European cuisine, particularly the English-Catalan and Italian, after 1000 AD, as confirmed by the medieval cookery books published in Italy in the thirteenth century and those of the fourteenth century in Spain, Portugal, France, England and Germany. Legitimately attributed to the Arabs is the importation of rice, artichoke, sugar, eggplant, spinach and many other crops.


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